Music is a universal language. It expresses struggle, hope, and resilience in ways words often cannot. Throughout history, music has fuelled various movements worldwide, and Africa's vibrant musical landscape is no exception. From native melodies to contemporary beats, African artists have skilfully transformed their music into a powerful tool for protest and change over the course of history. This article explores how musicians across the continent have used their craft to inspire action, fight injustice, and guide society toward a more just future.
Historical Context of Protest Music in Africa
"Protest music" has always been a powerful force for change in societies. In Africa, this vibrant genre has significantly shaped political landscapes and inspired social movements. It has been largely connected to social and political issues. From the anti-colonial struggles of the 20th century to today’s battles for human rights, it showcases the resilience and creativity of African artists.
Drawing from rich oral traditions that existed long before colonialism, these musical forms often carried strong messages of resistance and cultural pride. Instruments like the kora and mbira accompanied stories of struggle, serving not only as entertainment but also as essential tools for communication.
As colonial powers imposed their rule, traditional music adapted into a medium for political critique. During this time, the expression of resistance centred itself around addressing pressing issues, such as land dispossession or forced labour. For example, the song "Nkosi Sikeleli Afrika," meaning "Lord bless Africa" originally composed in the late 19th century, by Enoch Sontonga, a Xhosa man who was a Clergy in the church. This song became an anthem against colonialism and is now part of South Africa national anthem, as well as Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Namibia and Zambia. This transformation laid the groundwork for a distinct genre of protest music, driven by a collective desire for freedom.
The mid-20th century was a turning point for protest music in Africa. During the quest for independence, musicians like Hugh Masekela and Miriam Makeba emerged as international heroes for their countries. Their songs sparked global awareness and solidarity, turning the struggles against colonialism into anthems that resonated worldwide.
These revolutionary sounds which were a blend of traditional sounds with modern influences, created a listening experience that connected generations. Masekela’s “Soweto Blues,” which addressed the 1976 Soweto uprising, is a perfect example. It perfectly captured the spirit of resistance, uniting people in their fight for justice.
Powerful Voices of Change
Genres like Highlife, Afrobeat, Reggae, and Mbira music have played crucial roles in conveying messages of hope, identity, and resistance.
During the apartheid era in South Africa, legends like Miriam Makeba and Hugh Masekela emerged as voices of resistance - their music united people against the oppressive regime, with songs that echoed calls for freedom. Makeba's "Pata Pata" became an anthem for social justice, transcending far beyond South Africa's borders.
Fela Kuti: The Pioneer of Afrobeat
Fela Kuti is a towering figure in protest music as the creator of the Afrobeat genre - blending traditional African rhythms with jazz and funk. Kuti's music boldly critiqued Nigeria's military dictatorship, corruption, and societal issues. His famous song "Zombie" criticized military forces, urging people to rise against injustice.
In his lyrics, he sang:
Tell am to go straight, a joro, jara, joro
No break, no job, no sense, a joro, jara, joro
Tell am to go kill, a joro, jara, joro
No break, no job, no sense, a joro, jara, joro
Tell am to go quench, a joro, jara, joro
No break, no job, no sense, a joro, jara, joro
Kuti was directly referring to the conscience of Nigerian militia during this time, implying they behave like zombies, even if what they are instructed to do is unjust. This is open to interpretation of course, however his lyrics send a striking message of the need for accountability for the military's actions.
Kuti's live performances turned into political platforms. He often opened up his concerts for discussions about Nigeria’s turmoil, showcasing the significant role music plays in political movements. His fearless stand continues to inspire numerous artists globally, highlighting the enduring legacy of Afrobeat.
Franco Luambo: Shaping a Nation in Conflict
In the rich and complex history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, music has served as a lifeline, echoing the emotions, struggles, and desires of its people. Among the most influential figures in this musical landscape is Franco Luambo, often referred to as just 'Franco'. His song "Pouvoir Noir" became more than just a great tune; it transformed into a powerful symbol of political resistance during times of turmoil and identity crises.
"Pouvoir Noir," meaning "Black Power," was birthed during a tumultuous era in Congo DRC, a time filled with social and political discord. The song captured the frustrations and aspirations of a generation striving to reclaim their identity in the aftermath of Belgian colonial domination and oppressive regimes. The message in "Pouvoir Noir" speaks directly to the fight for freedom and dignity; during the late 1960s, when many African nations were fighting for independence, this song emerged as a rallying cry. Franco's infectious rhythms and heartfelt lyrics appealed to people from all walks of life, breaking down barriers of class and age. It became an anthem of resistance, reminding countless listeners that they were not alone in their struggles.
At a time when political dissent was often silenced, the song opened a channel for discussing crucial issues like corrupt governance, social injustice, and human rights, motivating listeners to take a stand. During colonial protests in the early 1990s, crowds would chant phrases from "Pouvoir Noir," bolstering their calls for change. This fusion of music and social critique empowered individuals to speak up against oppression. As people sang along, the song became synonymous with a broader movement for justice and empowerment. Its haunting yet uplifting melody filled streets and households, making it impossible for authorities to overlook the rising demands for change.
The legacy of "Pouvoir Noir" extends far beyond its original release. Franco's work inspired many musicians in Congo DRC and across Africa, setting the stage for the evolution of protest music. For example, artists like Werrason and Koffi Olomidé have used their platforms to address contemporary issues like government corruption and violence, often referencing the boldness of Franco's style. Newer artists are courageously tackling issues such as gender inequality and poverty, drawing directly from Franco's pioneering spirit. Statistics indicate that nearly 70% of young Congolese musicians cite Franco as a major influence in their work, emphasizing his lasting significance.
Burna Boy: A Voice of Modern Protest
In today's Afrobeats scene, Burna Boy reflects the essence of protest music. His hit song "Anybody" captures Nigeria's social and political struggles. His music already reaches the masses, but in some of his songs, Burna Boy is specifically hailed for spreading messages of empowerment and unity.
His involvement in the #EndSARS movement - a campaign against police brutality in Nigeria - exemplifies how modern artists can leverage their platforms for change. Burna Boy amplifies the voices of marginalized communities and the youth in Nigeria who were protesting against corruption and police brutality. Through his music he is able to take a stand on pressing issues while inspiring listeners worldwide.
One of his most popular protest songs was a track called 'Collateral Damage'. In his lyrics, he sung:
My people serve they fear too much
We fear the thing we no see
One day all of us go die
We always get reason to fear
Fight for your right o you go to fear
Police go slap you, you go to fear
Fight for your pikin dem no go to fear
You go to fear fear fear
Burna Boy encourages people to stand up to unjust authority and fight for basic human rights. Commending people to be more courageous like the youth in Nigeria were demostrating during the #EndSars protests.
From this, you can see the heavy influence of Fela Kuti on Burna Boy's artistry, in terms of his subject matter and even down to his delivery of the words. Listen to Fela Kuti, then listen to Burna Boy's Collateral Damage and come back to tell us if you hear it!
The Role of Women in Protest Music
Women have historically been at the forefront of the fight for justice in Africa, using their voices to advocate for change. Artists like Angelique Kidjo embody this spirit, tackling themes of gender equality and social justice in their music.
Kidjo has become a powerful advocate for women and children in Africa. Her song "Agolo" addresses environmental degradation and its impact on vulnerable communities, inspiring listeners to take action. With every note, she challenges the status quo and empowers those around her.
Likewise, Brenda Fassie remains one of Africa's most iconic musicians, she is celebrated not just for her unique and striking voice but also for the powerful messages woven into her music. Her work transcended entertainment and like many others, entered the realm of activism, making her a major figure in the fight for justice across the continent. From addressing the struggles faced by women to advocating for social equality, Fassie's music resonated with many and became a rallying cry for change.
Fassie's hit “Vulindlela” became an anthem for hope and resistance, symbolizing the fight against apartheid in South Africa; the emotion in her lyrics reflected the reality of life in a divided nation.
As a fierce advocate for women's rights in a patriarchal society, many admired Fassie for her courage in tackling issues like abuse and discrimination in her music. Her song “Black President” emphasized the importance of gender equality and inspired countless women to fight for their rights. In her lyrics, Brenda highlighted the daily challenges faced by women in Africa.
Recognition is also owed to Brenda Fassie's for her remarkable ability to bridge cultural divides with her music. This was largely due to her unique mix of kwaito, pop, and other African rhythms, which made her sound appealing to various demographics in Africa, capturing diverse audiences, she cultivated a shared sense of community. It's no question why her influence extended beyond South Africa, sparking movements across the continent.
Shifting Landscapes
The beauty of African protest music lies in its diversity. Where there are so many cultural differences, various genres and styles coexist, with each artist adding their unique touch to the wider picture, the bigger conversation. Reggae legends like Bob Marley inspire countless African musicians to focus on freedom and equality.
As activism evolves, protest music in Africa is also transforming. Digital platforms like YouTube, Apple Music and Spotify now allow artists' songs to reach larger audiences, further driving conversations about critical social issues. Within Africa, the increase of music festivals and community gatherings give upcoming artists the opportunity to showcase their protest songs. This evolution emphasises the significance of grassroots movements, such as local voices in addressing injustice and uplifting communities. Looking ahead, it's hard to ignore the impact of new technologies on the future of protest music. Social media platforms provide artists with unprecedented access to global audiences, facilitating viral movements that often campaign for social justice, as well as a platform to share their music.
In this dynamic landscape, we hope that emerging artists can remain vigilant, and continue voicing their concerns about what they can see. Throughout history, protest music has proven its power to inspire change, mobilize communities, and foster hope even in the darkest times.
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We'll leave you with links to some of the songs mentioned in this post if you'd like to go and listen to them:
written by Shirley Sozinha.
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